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UNIT VI---UNUSUAL PROBLEMS   Water Proofing The Roof Terrace:  Recommendation   The old cover concrete and system should be examined for its soundness.   The slopes shall be checked for its effective drainage of rain water.   The surface cracks shall be fixed with polymer modified cementitious crack filling compound.   Injection pressure grouting is carried to fill the voids in the concrete by drilling holes at regular intervals c/c 1mtr by admixing Grout additive and integral water proofing admixture.  Line of Action   Dismantle the old system   Surface preparation   Fill up all the cracks   Injection pressure grouting   Fixing down take pipes   Fixing joint tape   Membrane coating   Final layer of cement mortar screed   Coving  Specification for terrace waterproofing  For new constructions:  To obtain a sound waterproofing layer please follow the...

UNIT IV---R.C.CONCRETE  MIXING CONCRETE  Concrete is mixed either by hand or machine. No matter which method  is  used, you  must  follow  wellestablished procedures if you expect finished concrete of   good   quality.  MIXING BY HAND   A   batch   to   be   hand   mixed   by   a   couple   of crew members should not be much larger than 1 cubic yard.    The equipment consists of a water tight metal or wooden platform, two shovels, a metal-lined measuring box, and a graduated bucket for measuring the water.    The mixing platform does not need to be made of expensive materials. It can be an abandoned concrete  slab or concrete parking lot that can be cleaned after use.   A wooden platform having tight joints to prevent the  loss  of  paste  may  be  used....

UNIT III---BRICKS  Factors affecting strength of brickwork:  • Quality of clay  • Mortar strength • Strength of brick • Elasticity  • Water content   • Cure temperature  Failures in bricks are mainly due to                                                    -Water                                                    -Salt                                                    -Use of incompatible adjacent materials  Types of Brick Wall Damage & Defects:  1.Bulging brick above-ground walls:  this is likely to be a bond-brick...

UNIT II--- TIMBER   Timber:  • Timber is wood in any of its stage from felling to readiness for use as structural material for construction or wood pulp for paper production.  • Timber is supplied either in rough or finished.  • Rough timber is a rough material for furniture making and other items requiring additional cutting and shaping. It is available in many species, usually hardwoods but is also available in softwoods such as white pine, red pine and popular due to their low cost per board foot.  • Finished timber is supplied in standard sizes, mostly for the construction industry.  Factors affecting the strength of timber:  There are 5 basic factors affecting the strength of timber.  They are as follows-                              • Wood specific gravity                           ...

UNIT I---FAILURES   Building components tend to fail at different rates depending on the materials, designs, method of construction, environmental conditions and the use to which the building is put.   Substandard materials and design errors are identified as major causes of component failure.  The causes of building collapse can be classified as-  • Bad Design  • Faulty Construction  • Foundation Failure  • Extraordinary Loads  • Unexpected Failure Modes  • Combination of Causes  1.The common causes of bad design as well as design failure: Internal factors/Human Errors  The internal factors for bad design does not mean only errors of computation, but a failure to take into account the loads the structure should be able to carry and improper choice of materials or misunderstanding of their properties.     External Factors  These are often natural, such as extraordinary loads, heavy ra...